Lightning 5 Times Hotter Than the Surface of the Sun

Ever since Benjamin Franklin flew his kite and nearly blew himself up with the resultant lightning strike, we have been attempting to discover exactly how lightning works. A discharge of lightning is probably one of the most impressive displays in the atmosphere, yet surprisingly, despite years of study, the exact process is still shrouded in some mystery.
Lightning results from the build up of opposite electrical charges within a cloud. Ice crystals which form in the upper reaches of a cloud are generally positively charged, and water droplets which sink to the lower part of the cloud, are usually negatively charged. It appears that the ice crystals are positively charged as a result of collisions, within the maelstrom of a thunderstorm, with warmer water droplets. When the warmer droplet collides with an ice crystal it passes on its positive charge, and consequently the water droplet is now negatively charged.
Okay, so, as the storm now tracks across the land it is positively charged in its upper reaches and negatively charged in its lower portions. Because opposites charges attract a positive charge now builds up on the surface of the land directly below the storm. However, the air is an excellent insulator and initially stops these charges from joining each other. But as the potential difference builds between the cloud and the land eventually the inevitable happens and the air can no longer hold back the negative electrons and a process known as the 'stepped leader' occurs.
In the 'stepped leader' a succession of steps are followed. The electrons do not flow in a steady and continuous manner but in a more erratic series of steps as follows:
1.Electrons surge downwards towards the ground at a speed of 14,000 mph for around 200-300 feet.
2.The electrons stop for a fifty-millionth of a second.
3.They travel on again for another 150-200 feet
4.Positive ions start to move up from the ground from any protruding object such as a tree or a golfer
5.When they meet, a huge electric current flows carrying positive ions into the cloud.
These ions are carried on a channel a few centimetres wide and as they move upwards they glow enough to be seen. So, like a giant spark, the lightning travels upwards into the cloud so fast that it is impossible to judge whether it is travelling up or down. Your typical lightning flash will consist of approximately 4 leaders and 4 return strokes indiscernible apart from the familiar flashing.
Lightning is incredibly hot, five times hotter than the surface of the Sun at 30,000 degrees Celsius.
As a consequence the air around a bolt of lightning expands in an explosion that causes a massive shock wave. This shock wave travels through the sky as the sound of thunder.
Because, relative to light, sound is very slow moving you can calculate how far away a lightning flash is by measuring the length of time between the flash and the thunder. Every 3 seconds counted is roughly half a mile away. But beware...the danger zone for a lightning strike is within 6 miles of the storm!

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Hypnotherapy Manchester Cheshire and the World

Everybody in the world goes into the hypnotic state at least 25 times a day. Have you ever driven a familiar route, and suddenly thought I don't remember passing a certain place... or have you ever been engrossed watching a film, and suddenly realised your coffee has gone cold.
That is a light hypnotic state. If you have ever encountered one of these situations or something similar then you would greatly benefit from hypnotherapy.

Hypnosis is a perfectly natural, safe, relaxing state of mind, much like a daydream. While in this comfortable state you are able to reprogram your own subconscious to alleviate or cure all manner of physical and emotional ills.
Hypnosis is not mind control, it is a means of increasing your control over both your mind and body.

A few myths about Hypnosis:
In the hypnotised state a person can not be made to do anything they would not normally do in their normal, everyday, waking state.
You are fully aware of everything happening around you. E.g. telephone ringing, people talking, traffic etc
The trance state is unique for everyone. From a light, gentle trance (similar to the waking state) to a deep hypnotic trance, you are fully aware and in full control.
No recorded incident of harm from hypnosis
You are not asleep. Your conscious mind becomes subdued, not asleep. The subconscious mind becomes open, highly focused and receptive to helpful, beneficial suggestions that it can choose to accept or reject.

Hypnotherapy by phone is also becoming much more popular and here are a few reason why:

No visit to Hypnotherapy clinic required saving you time and effort.
No traffic, no queues saving you stress and petrol costs!
You just sit back and listen!
Completely flexible the timing of the hypnosis session will be according to your timetable
Self-Hypnosis can be easily taught over the phone giving you a powerful tool to control your own stress symptoms.
Phone Hypnotherapy has proven an invaluable tool to help chronic insomnia, aid weight loss, smoking cessation, and to assist in coping with stress.

So to improve your golf score, relieve intense stress at home or at
work, conquer those exam nerves or conquer a life long phobia please use the navigation on the left to learn more about the specific uses of Hypnotherapy.

Please feel free to call me on 01625 425230 for more information about how hypnotherapy can help you, or email me at mark@happyandwell.com
All calls and emails are treated with complete confidentiality.
www.happyandwell.com